What are the common electronic components

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Classification	Electronic componet
Keyword	common electronic components,electronic components
Article core	What are the common electronic components

Catalogs

Catalogs	I.Resistor	2. What is the use of crystal diode	1. What is crystal triode
	1.What is resistor	3. how to identify crystal diode	2. the feature of crystal triode
	2.how to identify resistor values and read the resistor color code	IV.Zener Diode	VIII. Field Effect Transistor
	II. Capacitor	1.What is zener diode	1. What is Field Effect Transistor
	1. What is capacitor	2.how does zener diode work	2. What is the difference between BJT and FET?
	2. How to read capacitor values	V. Inductor	IX. Sensor
	III. Crystal Diode	VI. Varactor Diodes	X. Transformer
	1. What is crystal diode	VII.Crystal Triode

Text

For engineers engaged in the electronics industry, electronic components, like people's daily regular meals, are needed to be touched every day, but they need to be used every day.Here is a list of engineers ten common electronic components, and related basic concepts and knowledge.

This video is a Physical overview of electronic components

I.Resistor

• 1.What is resistor

resistor

As the electronics industry workers, all the world knows resistor. There is no doubt that how important the resistor has! It is said that "resistor is the most used element in all electronic circuits."

Resistor, due to the hindrance of a substance to the current, is called the resistance substance under the action. Resistance will lead to changes in the flow of electrons, the smaller the resistance, the larger the electronic circulation, and vice versa. A substance without a resistance or a small resistance is called an electric conductor, or a conductor. The material that can not form current transmission is called electrical insulators, or insulators for short.

In physics, the resistance is used to indicate the size of the conductor's hindrance to the current. The greater the resistance of the conductor, the greater the conductor's hindrance to the current. Different conductors, the resistance is generally different, the resistance is a characteristic of the conductor itself. A resistance element is an energy dissipation element that presents a hindrance to the current.

The resistance value of the resistance element is generally related to temperature. The physical parameter that measures the magnitude of the resistance is the temperature coefficient. It is defined as the percentage of resistance changes when the temperature rises by 1 degrees.

The resistance is expressed in a circuit with a "R" plus a number, such as R1, which represents a resistance numbered 1. The main functions of the resistor in the circuit are the shunt, the current limiting, the partial pressure, the bias and so on.

• 2.how to identify resistor values and read the resistor color code

1.parameter identification: the unit of resistance is Ohm (omega), and the multiple units are: 1000 Europe (K omega), mega (M) and so on. The conversion method is: there are 3 kinds of parameter labeling methods for 1 Mega =1000 European =1000000 European resistance, namely, the direct standard method, the color standard method and the number standard method. The A and the number scale method are mainly used for small volume circuits, such as 472, 47 x 100 ohm (4.7K), 104 for 100Kb and color ring annotation, for example, four color ring resistance, five color ring resistance (precision resistance).

2.the resistance of the color location and rate relationship as shown in the following table: the allowable deviation of effective color digital rate (%) silver /x0.01 + 10 /x0.1 + 5 0+0/ black gold red brown 1x10 + 1 2x100 + 2 3x1000/ 4x10000/ + 5x100000 orange yellow green blue purple 0.5 6x1000000 + 0.2 7x10000000 + 0.1 8x100000000/ 9x1000000000/ white gray.

II. Capacitor

• 1. What is capacitor

The capacitance refers to the charge storage at a given potential difference; it is recorded as C, and the international unit is Fala (F). Generally speaking, the electric charge will move in the electric field. When there is a medium between the conductors, it will impede the movement of charge and make the charge accumulate on the conductor. The accumulative storage of charge is the most common example. The most common example is two parallel metal plates. It is also a common name for capacitors.

capacitor

The capacitance is generally expressed in a circuit with a "C" plus a number (such as a capacitor with a number of 13 by C13). The capacitance is made up of two metal films, which are separated by insulating materials in the middle. The main characteristics of the capacitance are the direct circulation and communication. Capacitance is the size of that can be stored size of electric energy, hinder the capacitance of the AC signal is called capacitance, and AC signal frequency and capacitance of the. Capacitive XC=1/2 PI FC (f represents the frequency of the alternating current signal, C capacitor) capacitor used in a telephone type electrolytic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, SMD capacitors, monolithic capacitors, tantalum capacitors, polyester capacitors etc..

• 2. How to read capacitor values?

The identification method of capacitance is basically the same as the resistor identification method, which is divided into 3 kinds, namely, the direct standard method, the color standard method and the number standard method. The basic unit of capacitance with Fala (F) said that other units are: millifarad (mF), micro method (uF), neffa (nF), skin (pF). The 1 Fala =103 =106 micro nano millifarad method =109 method =1012 method of large capacity capacitor skin to its capacity directly marked on the capacitor, such as capacitor 10uF/16V small capacity the capacity value is represented by the letter on a capacitor or a digital representation of letter representation: 1m=1000uF1P2=1.2PF1n=1000PF digital representation: three digit size generally said, the first two digits indicate the valid number, third digit rate is. Such as: 102 10 * 22 * 104PF=0.22uF3 102PF=1000PF224 said, the capacitance error symbol + 1% + 2% FGJKLM tolerance + 5% + 10% + 15% + 20% as a ceramic capacitor 104J indicates the capacity of 0.1uF, error is about 5%.

III. Crystal Diode

• 1. What is crystal diode

crystal diode

Crystal diode is a semiconductor device in a solid-state electronic device. The main features of these devices are the nonlinear current - voltage characteristics. Since then, with the development of semiconductor materials and technology, various kinds of crystal diodes with various structures and different functional applications have been developed by using different semiconductor materials, dopant distribution and geometric structure. The manufacturing materials are germanium, silicon and compound semiconductors. Crystal diodes can be used to generate, control, receive, transform, amplify signals, and convert energy. Crystal diodes are commonly used in the circuit "D" plus a number, such as: D5 represents a diode numbered 5.

Commonly used 1N4000 series diode withstand voltage comparison is as follows: type 1N4001 1N4002 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007 voltage withstand (V) 50100200400600800 1000 current (A) is 1.

• 2. What is the use of crystal diode

The main characteristic of diode is one way conductivity, that is, the conduction resistance is very small under the action of positive voltage, while the conduction resistance is great or infinite under the action of reverse voltage. Because of having the characteristics of diode, cordless phones often use it in isolation, rectifier, voltage regulator, polarity protection, encoding control, frequency modulation and squelch circuit. The crystal diode used in the telephone can be divided into rectifier diodes (such as 1N4004), isolated diodes (such as 1N4148), Schottky diodes (such as BAT85), light-emitting diodes, voltage stabilizing diodes and so on.

• 3. how to identify crystal diode

Diode recognition is very simple, low power diode N (negative), the appearance of a diode mostly uses the color circle marked out, some also use special symbols to diode diode said P (positive) or N (negative), but also the use of symbols for "P" and "N" to determine the diode polarity. The positive and negative pole of the light emitting diode can be identified from the length of the pin, the long foot is positive, and the short foot is negative.

2. What should be noticed when testing diode

With the digital measurement of diode with 000 to the table, the red pen is connected with the diode cathode, anode black probe connected to the diode, the resistance is positive conducting diode through resistance, and the pointer multimeter probe connected to the opposite method.

IV.Zener Diode

• 1.What is zener diode

The zener diode is also called Voltage regulator diode. The diode is a semiconductor device with high resistance until the critical reverse breakdown voltage. The voltage regulator diode is commonly used in the circuit as "ZD" plus digit. For example, ZD5 means a regulator tube with a serial number of 5.

zener diode

• 2.how does zener diode work?

Working principle: the characteristic of the voltage regulator diode is that after the breakdown, the voltage at both ends of the diode keeps the same. In this way, if the voltage regulator is connected to the circuit, if the voltage fluctuates in the circuit due to the fluctuation of the supply voltage or other reasons, the voltage at both ends of the load will remain basically unchanged.

fault characteristics: the failure of the voltage regulator is mainly manifested in open circuit, short circuit and unstable voltage. In these 3 faults, the previous fault shows the increase of the power supply voltage; the last 2 faults show that the power supply voltage is reduced to zero volt or output instability. The model and voltage stabilizer of common voltage diode are as follows:

Model: 1N4728 1N4729 1N4730 1N4732 1N4733 1N4734 1N4735 1N4744 1N4750 1N4751 1N4761

Voltage stabilizer: 3.3V 3.6V 3.9V 4.7V 5.1V 5.6V 6.2V 15V 27V 30V 75V

V. Inductor

Inductance: when the coil passes through the current, a magnetic field induction is formed in the coil, and the induction magnetic field will produce an induction current to resist the current through the coil. The interaction between the current and the coil called electrical inductance, inductance is, unit is the "Henry" (H). It is also possible to make use of this property to make inductors.

inductor

The inductor is commonly used in the circuit "L" plus a number, such as: L6 represents an inductor numbered 6. An inductance coil is made of an insulated wire around a certain number of rings on the insulated skeleton. The DC coil resistance, DC resistance is the wire itself, the pressure drop is very small; when the AC signal through the coil, will produce electromotive force at both ends of the coil, self induced electromotive force in the opposite direction and the direction of the applied voltage, hinder the communication through, so characteristic of inductance is AC DC resistance, the higher the frequency. The greater the coil impedance. The inductor can make up the oscillating circuit with the capacitance in the circuit. The inductors usually have direct and color standard methods, and the color standard is similar to the resistance. For example, brown, black, gold and gold are the inductors of 1uH (error 5%).

The basic unit of inductance is: H conversion unit: 1H=103mH=106uH

VI. Varactor Diodes

Varactor diode makes up of PN junction capacitance (barrier capacitance) and its reverse bias voltage Vr, and its structure is shown in the right picture.

Varactor Diodes

The varactor diode is a special diode which is specially designed based on the principle that the junction capacitance of the ordinary diode is changed with the change of the external reverse voltage. Varactor used in the cordless telephone is mainly used in the high-frequency modulation circuit of mobile phone or landline, to realize low frequency signal modulation to high frequency signal and to launch out. In the working state, the modulation voltage of the varactor diode is generally added to the negative electrode, which makes the capacitance of the diode change with the change of the modulation voltage. The failure of varactor is mainly caused by leakage or poor performance: (1) when the leakage occurs, the high frequency modulation circuit will not work or the modulation performance will be worse. (2) when the varactor performance is worse, the work of the high frequency modulation circuit is unstable, so that the high frequency signal after the modulation is sent to the other side to be distorted after the other party is received. When the above situation occurs, the same type of varactor should be replaced.

VII.Crystal Triode

• 1. What is crystal triode

Crystal triode, which is one of the basic components of semiconductor, has the effect of current amplification, and is the core component of electronic circuit. The transistor is made of two closely connected PN junctions on a semiconductor substrate. The two PN junction divides the positive block semiconductor into three parts, the middle part is the base area, the two sides are the emission area and the collector area, and there are two kinds of PNP and NPN.

Crystal triode is commonly used in the circuit "Q" plus a number, such as: Q17 represents a triode with a number of 17.

crystal triode

• 2. the feature of crystal triode

The crystal triode (tri pole tube) is a special device with 2 PN junctions and a magnifying capacity. It is divided into two types: NPN and PNP. These two types of transistors can compensate for each other's work characteristics. The so-called pair of tubes in OTL circuit is made by PNP and NPN pairs. The commonly used PNP triode in the telephone are A92, 9015 and other models, and the NPN triode has: A42, 9014, 9018, 9013, 9012 and so on.

Crystal triode is mainly used in amplification circuit, and there are three kinds of connection in common circuit. In order to facilitate comparison, the characteristics of the three transistor circuits are listed in the lower table for reference. The name of the common emitter circuit of common collector circuit (emitter follower) common base circuit input impedance (in thousands of hundreds of Europe to Europe) large (tens of thousands of Europe (above) a few small European to dozens of European) output impedance (~ tens of thousands of European champions) small (a few dozens of European champions to large (several ten European) to several hundred kilohms) voltage amplification factor (less than 1 and close to 1) high current magnification (TENS) large (TENS) small (less than 1 and close to 1) power magnification (about 30~40 dB) small (about 10 dB) in (about 15~20 dB) of frequency difference to continued application of multistage amplifier intermediate, low frequency amplifier input level, output level and impedance matching with high frequency or wide band circuit and a constant current source circuit.

VIII. Field Effect Transistor

• 1. What is Field Effect Transistor

Field Effect Transistor

Field Effect Transistor(FET) Field effect transistor is conductive by most carriers, also called unipolar transistors. It belongs to the voltage controlled semiconductor device. It has the advantages of high input resistance (108~109 ohms), low noise, low power consumption, large dynamic range, easy integration, no breakdown of the two time, and wide security area. Now it has become a strong competitor of bipolar transistors and power transistors.

1. Field effect transistors (FET) have the advantages of high input impedance and low noise, and are also widely used in various electronic devices. In particular, the field effect tube is used as the input level of the entire electronic device, and the performance of the transistor can be difficult to achieve.

2.The field effect tube is divided into two kinds of junction type and insulated gate type, and the control principle is the same. The above picture is a symbol for two models.

• 2. What is the difference between BJT and FET?

BJTS and FETs can be used as switches and amplifiers in electrical and electronics circuits. The major difference between BJT and FET is that, in a field effect transistor only majority charge carries flows, whereas in BJT both majority and minority charge carriers flows.

And the difference between transistor and FET is as following:

(1) the field effect tube is a voltage control element, and the transistor is a current control element. A field effect transistor should be selected when only a small amount of current is allowed from the signal source, and transistors should be selected if the signal voltage is low and the current source is allowed to be taken from the signal source.

(2) the field effect transistor is mainly used for the majority carrier conduction, so it is called the monopole device, and the transistor has many carriers and a few carrier conduction. It is called a bipolar device.

(3) the source and drain of some field effect tubes can be used interchangeably, and the gate pressure can be negative, and the flexibility is better than that of the transistor.

(4) field-effect transistor can operate at very low current and very low voltage, and its manufacturing process can conveniently integrate many FET into a silicon wafer, so FET has been widely applied in large scale integrated circuits.

IX. Sensor

Sensor is a physical device or biological organ. It can detect and feel external signals, physical conditions (such as light, heat, humidity) or chemical composition (such as smoke), and transmit the detected information to other devices or organs.

sensor

The definition of sensors under the national standard GB7665-87 is: "it can sense the measured components and convert the devices or devices according to certain rules into usable signals, usually composed of sensitive elements and conversion elements". The sensor is a detection device, can feel the measured information, and can detect the sensed information, according to the law must transform into electrical signals or other information in the form of output required to meet the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements. It is the primary link to realize automatic detection and automatic control.

The "sensor" in Webster's dictionary definition for new:

"A device that receives power from a system and usually sends power to second systems in another form." According to this definition, the role of sensors is to transform one energy into another form of energy. So many scholars also use the transducer to call "Sensor".

X. Transformer

transformer

A transformer (Transformer) is a device that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to change the AC voltage. The main components are the primary coil, the secondary coil and the core (core). In electrical and wireless circuits, it is often used as a lift voltage, a matching impedance, a safe isolation, etc. In generator, no matter whether the coil movement is moving through magnetic field or magnetic field, it can induce the electric potential in the online loop through the fixed coil. In the two cases, the value of flux is constant, but the number of magnetic flux intersected with the coil is variable, which is the principle of mutual inductance. A transformer is a device that uses the electromagnetic mutual inductance to transform the voltage, current and impedance. The main functions of the transformer are voltage conversion, current conversion, impedance transformation, isolation, voltage stabilizing (magnetic saturation transformer) and so on.

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